Qt Signal Slot Two Classes

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In a previous article, about the signals and slots, was described. This is the sequel. The theme of this class to handle all of the multiple signals QSignalMapper, describes a simple example with explanation. Articles: Qt (2) examine the slot and the signal Sample source code you used here.

1. Background:I defined a QT parent class, which has a custom signal and slot function. I defined the parent class pointer in the main function to point to the subclass object. At this time, I sent a signal, and the subclass could not receive it. We started our exploration Solution:According to the breakpoint, it is found that the signal of the.
2. Further properties of signal/slots. Qt provides the QObject::sender function, which returns a pointer to the object that sent the signal Note: if the slot was not activated by a signal, the return is undefined. Signals and slots are loosely coupled: A class which emits a signal neither knows nor cares which slots receive the signal.

The most important features of Qt are signals and slots.

Signals tell you that something has just happened. Signals are emitted (sent) when the user works with the computer. For example, when the user clicks the mouse or presses keys on a keyboard a signal is emitted. Signals can also be emitted when something happens inside the computer—when the clock ticks, for example.

Slots are the functions that respond to certain signals. It is important that your program responds to signals. Otherwise, it might look as if your program hangs. KDE programs don't—or shouldn't—hang!

Signals and slots are very object independent. Slots that handle a signal can be put in any object in your program. The object that sends the signal doesn't have to know anything about the slot or the object where the slot can be found. For example, you may have one window that contains a button and one window that contains a text box. You can let the text box respond to button clicks.

Signals and slots are primarily used for events handling, but you can use it for easy communication between objects too. When two windows need to communicate with each other, you can use signals and slots. Communication this way is much easier than doing it with pointers.

Event handling is solved by callbacks in many other toolkits. A callback is a pointer to a function. The widgets contain callbacks, pointers to functions, for each event. When an event occurs, the appropriate function is called. It is simple in theory, but it is hard in practice. The callbacks are not type safe, which means that it is easy to make mistakes. Callbacks also can't take any number of parameters of any type like signals and slots do.

3.3.1. Creating a Slot

Creating a slot is easy. Any class that inherits from QObject can have slots.

Qt Signal Slot Two Classes Near Me

First you must enable signals and slots. In the class definition, add the word Q_OBJECT. This is a keyword, which the moc understands.

The slot is just a member function in your class, but you must declare it in a slots section. Slots can be public, private, or protected.

The following example shows a class with a slot:

The slot in the preceding class definition is called mySlot. The keyword before slots defines the access mode. The slot mySlot above is public.

You write the implementation for the slot as if it was a common member function. The following example shows you what a slot implementation may look like:

3.3.2. Emitting a Signal

When you want to tell Qt that an event has occurred, you emit a signal. When that happens, Qt executes all slots that are connected to the signal.

Before a signal can be emitted, it must be defined. The class that emits a signal must contain the signal definition. Signals are defined in a signals section in your class. The following class definition defines a signal:

Signals are emitted with the command emit. The signal may be emitted like so:

The example above is only a simple demonstration that shows you how it works.

3.3.3. Connecting a Slot to a Signal

To make a slot respond to a certain signal, you must connect them to each other. You can connect several slots to one signal.

It is very simple to connect a slot to a signal. The command connect does this. The syntax is simple:

The parameter startobject contains a pointer to the object that the signal comes from.

The parameter signal specifies what signal to handle. The signal must be emitted by the startobject.

The object which responds to a signal is specified in the parameter targetobject.

The slot which responds to the signal is specified in the parameter slot. The slot must be in the object specified by targetobject.

The following class demonstrates that several slots can be connected to the same signal, and one slot can be connected to several signals:

Example 3.4. buttons.h: Class Definition for the Class MyWindow

The listing below contains the class implementation:

Example 3.5. buttons.cc: Class Implementation for the Class MyWindow Declared in Listing 3.4

3.3.4. Signals and Slots with Parameters

During communication, it is sometimes useful to say more than 'Hey!' That is all that the preceding signals say.

If you need to say more, the simplest way is to use parameters in your signals and slots.

For example, you may have two windows both containing a button and a text box. When the user types in text and clicks the button in one window, the caption for the other window will change to whatever was typed in.

The solution is to use slots and signals with parameters. Give both the signal and slot a parameter that contains the new window caption. When you emit the signal you set this parameter.

The following example code shows how parameters work. The signal and slot are both in the same class, but of course that is not necessary:

The class constructor may connect the slot to the signal, like this:

The slot and the signal must have compatible parameters. In the preceding example, they each have one integer as a parameter.

It is easy to emit a signal with a parameter. The following function emits the signal changed(int i):

3.3.5. Slots in Temporary Classes

When a signal is emitted, the slots connected to it are activated.

Take a look at the following class constructor:

A button is created. The clicked() signal is connected to temp->slotTemp(). When you delete temp, the slot slotTemp() is also deleted. If the user clicks the button, an error will occur. Always consider this when you delete Qt objects.

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Signals and slots are used for communication between objects. The signals and slots mechanism is a central feature of Qt and probably the part that differs most from the features provided by other frameworks. Signals and slots are made possible by Qt's meta-object system.

Introduction

In GUI programming, when we change one widget, we often want another widget to be notified. More generally, we want objects of any kind to be able to communicate with one another. For example, if a user clicks a Close button, we probably want the window's close() function to be called.

Other toolkits achieve this kind of communication using callbacks. A callback is a pointer to a function, so if you want a processing function to notify you about some event you pass a pointer to another function (the callback) to the processing function. The processing function then calls the callback when appropriate. While successful frameworks using this method do exist, callbacks can be unintuitive and may suffer from problems in ensuring the type-correctness of callback arguments.

Signals and Slots

In Qt, we have an alternative to the callback technique: We use signals and slots. A signal is emitted when a particular event occurs. Qt's widgets have many predefined signals, but we can always subclass widgets to add our own signals to them. A slot is a function that is called in response to a particular signal. Qt's widgets have many pre-defined slots, but it is common practice to subclass widgets and add your own slots so that you can handle the signals that you are interested in.

The signals and slots mechanism is type safe: The signature of a signal must match the signature of the receiving slot. (In fact a slot may have a shorter signature than the signal it receives because it can ignore extra arguments.) Since the signatures are compatible, the compiler can help us detect type mismatches when using the function pointer-based syntax. The string-based SIGNAL and SLOT syntax will detect type mismatches at runtime. Signals and slots are loosely coupled: A class which emits a signal neither knows nor cares which slots receive the signal. Qt's signals and slots mechanism ensures that if you connect a signal to a slot, the slot will be called with the signal's parameters at the right time. Signals and slots can take any number of arguments of any type. They are completely type safe.

All classes that inherit from QObject or one of its subclasses (e.g., QWidget) can contain signals and slots. Signals are emitted by objects when they change their state in a way that may be interesting to other objects. This is all the object does to communicate. It does not know or care whether anything is receiving the signals it emits. This is true information encapsulation, and ensures that the object can be used as a software component.

Slots can be used for receiving signals, but they are also normal member functions. Just as an object does not know if anything receives its signals, a slot does not know if it has any signals connected to it. This ensures that truly independent components can be created with Qt.

You can connect as many signals as you want to a single slot, and a signal can be connected to as many slots as you need. It is even possible to connect a signal directly to another signal. (This will emit the second signal immediately whenever the first is emitted.)

Together, signals and slots make up a powerful component programming mechanism.

Signals

Signals are emitted by an object when its internal state has changed in some way that might be interesting to the object's client or owner. Signals are public access functions and can be emitted from anywhere, but we recommend to only emit them from the class that defines the signal and its subclasses.

When a signal is emitted, the slots connected to it are usually executed immediately, just like a normal function call. When this happens, the signals and slots mechanism is totally independent of any GUI event loop. Execution of the code following the emit statement will occur once all slots have returned. The situation is slightly different when using queued connections; in such a case, the code following the emit keyword will continue immediately, and the slots will be executed later.

If several slots are connected to one signal, the slots will be executed one after the other, in the order they have been connected, when the signal is emitted.

Signals are automatically generated by the moc and must not be implemented in the .cpp file. They can never have return types (i.e. use void).

A note about arguments: Our experience shows that signals and slots are more reusable if they do not use special types. If QScrollBar::valueChanged() were to use a special type such as the hypothetical QScrollBar::Range, it could only be connected to slots designed specifically for QScrollBar. Connecting different input widgets together would be impossible.

Slots

A slot is called when a signal connected to it is emitted. Slots are normal C++ functions and can be called normally; their only special feature is that signals can be connected to them.

Since slots are normal member functions, they follow the normal C++ rules when called directly. However, as slots, they can be invoked by any component, regardless of its access level, via a signal-slot connection. This means that a signal emitted from an instance of an arbitrary class can cause a private slot to be invoked in an instance of an unrelated class.

You can also define slots to be virtual, which we have found quite useful in practice.

Compared to callbacks, signals and slots are slightly slower because of the increased flexibility they provide, although the difference for real applications is insignificant. In general, emitting a signal that is connected to some slots, is approximately ten times slower than calling the receivers directly, with non-virtual function calls. This is the overhead required to locate the connection object, to safely iterate over all connections (i.e. checking that subsequent receivers have not been destroyed during the emission), and to marshall any parameters in a generic fashion. While ten non-virtual function calls may sound like a lot, it's much less overhead than any new or delete operation, for example. As soon as you perform a string, vector or list operation that behind the scene requires new or delete, the signals and slots overhead is only responsible for a very small proportion of the complete function call costs. The same is true whenever you do a system call in a slot; or indirectly call more than ten functions. The simplicity and flexibility of the signals and slots mechanism is well worth the overhead, which your users won't even notice.

Note that other libraries that define variables called signals or slots may cause compiler warnings and errors when compiled alongside a Qt-based application. To solve this problem, #undef the offending preprocessor symbol.

A Small Example

A minimal C++ class declaration might read:

A small QObject-based class might read:

The QObject-based version has the same internal state, and provides public methods to access the state, but in addition it has support for component programming using signals and slots. This class can tell the outside world that its state has changed by emitting a signal, valueChanged(), and it has a slot which other objects can send signals to.

All classes that contain signals or slots must mention Q_OBJECT at the top of their declaration. They must also derive (directly or indirectly) from QObject.

Slots are implemented by the application programmer. Here is a possible implementation of the Counter::setValue() slot:

The emit line emits the signal valueChanged() from the object, with the new value as argument.

In the following code snippet, we create two Counter objects and connect the first object's valueChanged() signal to the second object's setValue() slot using QObject::connect():

Calling a.setValue(12) makes a emit a valueChanged(12) signal, which b will receive in its setValue() slot, i.e. b.setValue(12) is called. Then b emits the same valueChanged() signal, but since no slot has been connected to b's valueChanged() signal, the signal is ignored.

Note that the setValue() function sets the value and emits the signal only if value != m_value. This prevents infinite looping in the case of cyclic connections (e.g., if b.valueChanged() were connected to a.setValue()).

By default, for every connection you make, a signal is emitted; two signals are emitted for duplicate connections. You can break all of these connections with a single disconnect() call. If you pass the Qt::UniqueConnectiontype, the connection will only be made if it is not a duplicate. If there is already a duplicate (exact same signal to the exact same slot on the same objects), the connection will fail and connect will return false.

This example illustrates that objects can work together without needing to know any information about each other. To enable this, the objects only need to be connected together, and this can be achieved with some simple QObject::connect() function calls, or with uic's automatic connections feature.

A Real Example

The following is an example of the header of a simple widget class without member functions. The purpose is to show how you can utilize signals and slots in your own applications.

LcdNumber inherits QObject, which has most of the signal-slot knowledge, via QFrame and QWidget. It is somewhat similar to the built-in QLCDNumber widget.

The Q_OBJECT macro is expanded by the preprocessor to declare several member functions that are implemented by the moc; if you get compiler errors along the lines of 'undefined reference to vtable for LcdNumber', you have probably forgotten to run the moc or to include the moc output in the link command.

After the class constructor and public members, we declare the class signals. The LcdNumber class emits a signal, overflow(), when it is asked to show an impossible value.

If you don't care about overflow, or you know that overflow cannot occur, you can ignore the overflow() signal, i.e. don't connect it to any slot.

If on the other hand you want to call two different error functions when the number overflows, simply connect the signal to two different slots. Qt will call both (in the order they were connected).

A slot is a receiving function used to get information about state changes in other widgets. LcdNumber uses it, as the code above indicates, to set the displayed number. Since display() is part of the class's interface with the rest of the program, the slot is public.

Several of the example programs connect the valueChanged() signal of a QScrollBar to the display() slot, so the LCD number continuously shows the value of the scroll bar.

Note that display() is overloaded; Qt will select the appropriate version when you connect a signal to the slot. With callbacks, you'd have to find five different names and keep track of the types yourself.

Signals And Slots With Default Arguments

The signatures of signals and slots may contain arguments, and the arguments can have default values. Consider QObject::destroyed():

When a QObject is deleted, it emits this QObject::destroyed() signal. We want to catch this signal, wherever we might have a dangling reference to the deleted QObject, so we can clean it up. A suitable slot signature might be:

To connect the signal to the slot, we use QObject::connect(). There are several ways to connect signal and slots. The first is to use function pointers:

There are several advantages to using QObject::connect() with function pointers. First, it allows the compiler to check that the signal's arguments are compatible with the slot's arguments. Arguments can also be implicitly converted by the compiler, if needed.

Qt Signal Slot Two Classes For Beginners

You can also connect to functors or C++11 lambdas:

In both these cases, we provide this as context in the call to connect(). The context object provides information about in which thread the receiver should be executed. This is important, as providing the context ensures that the receiver is executed in the context thread.

The lambda will be disconnected when the sender or context is destroyed. You should take care that any objects used inside the functor are still alive when the signal is emitted.

The other way to connect a signal to a slot is to use QObject::connect() and the SIGNAL and SLOT macros. The rule about whether to include arguments or not in the SIGNAL() and SLOT() macros, if the arguments have default values, is that the signature passed to the SIGNAL() macro must not have fewer arguments than the signature passed to the SLOT() macro.

All of these would work:

But this one won't work:

...because the slot will be expecting a QObject that the signal will not send. This connection will report a runtime error.

Note that signal and slot arguments are not checked by the compiler when using this QObject::connect() overload.

Advanced Signals and Slots Usage

Qt Signals And Slots Tutorial

For cases where you may require information on the sender of the signal, Qt provides the QObject::sender() function, which returns a pointer to the object that sent the signal.

Lambda expressions are a convenient way to pass custom arguments to a slot:

Using Qt with 3rd Party Signals and Slots

It is possible to use Qt with a 3rd party signal/slot mechanism. You can even use both mechanisms in the same project. Just add the following line to your qmake project (.pro) file.

It tells Qt not to define the moc keywords signals, slots, and emit, because these names will be used by a 3rd party library, e.g. Boost. Then to continue using Qt signals and slots with the no_keywords flag, simply replace all uses of the Qt moc keywords in your sources with the corresponding Qt macros Q_SIGNALS (or Q_SIGNAL), Q_SLOTS (or Q_SLOT), and Q_EMIT.

Qt Signal Slot Two Classes List

See also QLCDNumber, QObject::connect(), Digital Clock Example, Tetrix Example, Meta-Object System, and Qt's Property System.

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